The purpose of this article is to highlight the necessity of keeping the investment portfolio well diversified. We’ll see in this blog post how investment diversification is not only about buying different types of assets, it is about portfolio balancing.
Introduction
What is investment diversification? Including different types of non-related assets in a portfolio is diversification. It is a strategy to minimize the risk of loss in case of unpleasant market movements.
Example: Suppose you bought an Index ETF in the past for Rs.50,000. As of today, the price of the ETF is down 5%. In the same period, you also bought a gold ETF of Rs.50,000. The price of ETF is up by 8.5%. The net effect is that your portfolio is up by 3.5%. Even if the equity (ETF) was down by 5%, this loss was compensated by 8.5% gains by Gold ETF. This is an example of a diversified portfolio that has two unrelated assets (equity and gold).
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When to Diversify Investment?
In the above example, uncle Sam might say, had you invested only in gold ETF, your gain would have been 8.5% instead of 3.5%. Uncle is not wrong, but at the point of investing, you did not know that the ETF will perform badly than gold or vice versa. So, what is the lesson?
When we are unsure of the future performance of the assets we are investing in, it’s better to spread the money into different, non-related, assets. This strategy must be used especially by retail investors who cannot analyze their investments more deeply.
What are unsure investments? Those investments where sufficient self-research has not been done by the investor. There can be two main reasons why people do not research before buying investments: (a) due to lack of know-how and/or (b) lack of time. If one is falling into either of these two categories, it is a hint that an investment diversification strategy is necessary for him/her.
The Strategy of Investment Diversification
An investment portfolio must at least have two non-related assets. If you are an aggressive investor you would like your portfolio to be equity-heavy. The portfolio composition of a typical aggressive investor may look as shown in the below infographics. Please note the change in the portfolio composition with the market’s valuation.
Few takeaways:
- Equity Weight: In all types of market conditions, an investor’s portfolio should not have 100% equity. With the change in the market’s valuations, the equity weight of the portfolio can change from 75% (undervalued) to 25% (overvalued).
- Overvalued Market: At a time when the index is touching all-time highs, the weight of equity should be minimum. This is not a time to buy. It is a time to sell & book profits (if necessary).
- Undervalued Market: When the index is bleeding, it is time to buy equity. It is not the time to sell stocks and mutual funds. It is the moment when the equity weight should be maximum. It is the time to sell other assets and buy equity.
- Other Assets: When the weight of equity will reduce in the portfolio, the weight of other assets will increase and vice versa. Its relationship with equity is inversely proportional. Other asset types can be real estate, gold, debt instruments, etc. Read: How to build assets.
This process of altering the composition of a portfolio based on the market’s valuation is called portfolio balancing. So what we can conclude from this learning? Investment diversification is a dynamic activity. As important as it is to include different asset classes in the portfolio, it is equally important to change the weight of asset types depending on the market conditions.
Preconditions to building a diversified portfolio
Before a retail investor can diversify their investment portfolio, they must know a few basics.
- Asset Types: To make an investment portfolio diversified, it is essential to include equity, real estate, gold, and debt-based instruments. Within equity, stocks, multip-cap mutual funds, and index funds shall be included. One can add REITs to include real estate in the portfolio. Physical gold or gold ETFs can be purchased. Debt instruments can be in the form of deposits or debt mutual funds.
- Composition of Assets: A diversified portfolio must include the above four asset types in specific proportions. But the weight of each asset in the portfolio should change if the market conditions change. Read more about how to judge market conditions.
- Type of Investor: The composition of assets in a portfolio will change from investor to investor. Generally speaking, all investors can be classified into three broad types. The three types are defensive, moderate, and aggressive. The three investor types are classified based on their risk appetite. The defensive investor’s risk appetite is minimum and its maximum for the aggressive investor. The majority of retail investors are moderate in nature.
How to Diversify?
Investment portfolio diversification is a dynamic activity. The above two tables show the composition of assets in two extreme market conditions, undervaluation, and overvaluation. The task of diversification is to keep the weight of assets within the limits as the market fluctuates between the two extremes. This is called portfolio balancing.
[P.Note: I’ve indicated the above weights based on my investment personality, knowledge, and financial health. It is necessary to only refer to these numbers as a reference. One must judge their own conditions and change the percentage numbers as per their liking and comfort]
The Concept of Portfolio Balancing
The concept of portfolio balancing states that in an overvalued market buy more non-equity assets like REITs, gold, and debt instruments. In an undervalued market focus shall be on equity purchase.
Is it necessary to sell equity in an overvalued market? No. I personally hold specific stocks and mutual funds in my investment portfolio. I’ve accumulated them over time whenever I found them available at undervalued price levels. Selling such assets just because the Nifty/Sensex is at their peaks is not necessary.
So what do I do to alter the composition of assets when the market conditions change?
When non-equity assets are purchased, the weight of equity in the portfolio automatically falls. It is not necessary to sell equity to lower its weight in the portfolio. For sure, if the investor considers a particular equity (like a stock) to be overvalued, it can be sold. The proceeds of such a sale can then be used to buy non-equity assets.
What to do when the market is neither undervalued nor overvalued?
This is a typical situation when the investor is unsure about the market. In such times it is better to assume the market is overvalued. Hence the money must flow to non-equity assets like real estate, gold, debt, etc. Unsure investors can also consider investing in an index through ETFs or index funds.
How to judge market conditions?
How to judge if the market is over or undervalued? Here are a few general indicators:
Overvalued Market: In this type of market, the GDP growth rate and inflation have already peaked. This means, moving forward they will show a falling trend. The prevailing interest rate is at its bottom levels. It means the rising trend is about to start. The main indices like the Nifty and Sensex are near their all-time highs. Individual stock’s PE and PB levels will also be at their highs. All this is happening because there is excess liquidity in the economy.
Undervalued Market: The general indicators as described above will be reversed in an undervalued market. The government is less worried about inflation and more about how to boost consumption in the economy. They are ready to lower the interest rates. The news channels will host discussions about how to increase the GDP growth rate. Nifty and Sensex would have been trading flat or down by 10-15% from their peaks.
Transition Phase: Here the market is neither at its peak nor at the bottom. Most of the time the market can be found in this position. In such times, all indicators like inflation, interest rates, indices, and stock valuations will be trading flat. Flat market indicators are a hint that the valuation is soon going to turn its tides. They may correct before seeing another bull run.
Assets & Investment Diversification
Asset: Equity
- Direct Stocks: In a bullish market, buying stocks will be risky for retail investors. Though it is also true value stocks are available in types of market conditions. But as most stocks are overvalued when the market is at its peak, the chances of a mistaken purchase are too high. When the market is falling or nearing its bottom, targeting blue chip stocks is a safe strategy. In such times, quality mid-caps and small-cap stocks can render faster capital appreciation.
- Multi-cap Mutual Funds: People who are not comfortable with direct stocks, can invest in multi-cap mutual funds. As the portfolio of mutual funds consists of a basket of stocks, they are inherently more diversified. Hence are safer than stocks.
- Index ETFs: People who want the best of both worlds, stocks and mutual funds, can consider index ETFs. It can be traded like stocks and has a diversified portfolio like a mutual fund.
Other Assets
- Real Estate: A real estate property provides good diversification for an equity-based portfolio. The equity market has a negligible correlation with real estate. The ideal investment option will be residential or commercial property. If one does not have large capital available for investment, REITs can be a good investment option in the real estate sector.
- Gold: There are two ways of investing in gold, physical or through ETFs. Both options are equally good. But before investing in gold, it must be kept in mind that holding time should be more than 10 years. Why? Because in this time horizon, gold price appreciation is decent.
- Debt-Based: There are several types of debt-based instruments available for investment. The most preferable one is debt mutual funds. Staying invested in debt funds for a long time horizon like 10 years can fetch 8-9% per annum returns. Bank deposits are other safer forms of debt instruments but their yield is lower and are also less tax efficient. Till no other alternatives come to mind, I prefer keeping my cash parked in a liquid mutual fund.
Summary
Investment diversification is not only about the accumulation of non-related assets in the portfolio. The real challenge is portfolio balancing. Why a diversified portfolio is necessary? To minimize the risk of loss. To do it, we cannot afford to keep the weight of assets constant. It must change as the situation demands.
When the equity market is overvalued, other asset classes will be trading at bargain prices. Hence, in such times, an investor should avoid equity and buy REITs, gold, debt funds, etc. If not, at least keep the cash. But avoid equity investing.
When the equity market is undervalued, buying stocks, multip-cap funds, and index ETFs will earn high returns. Hence, in such times the investment is more straightforward.
Building an investment portfolio with this thought process will automatically build a diversified portfolio.
